How does the diameter or cross-sectional area of a wire affect its resistance Essay Example Essay Example

How does the diameter or cross-sectional area of a wire affect its resistance? Essay Example Paper How does the diameter or cross-sectional area of a wire affect its resistance Essay Introduction I am going to investigate how the diameter, or gauge, of a wire affects its resistance. In order for me to do this, I will need to find as many different diameters of wire as I can. I will cut each one to a reasonable length (probably about 10cm), then connect it to a battery pack and measure the current and voltage (with an ammeter and voltmeter respectively). From these readings I will calculate the resistance, using the formula: R = V / I (Resistance = Voltage / Current) The scale by which the diameter of wires is measured is called SWG (standard wire gauge) which confusingly goes up as the wire gets thinner. However I shall not use this in my graphs, as I do not know enough about SWG to make any worthwhile observations. The gauge of wires can also be measured by their cross-sectional area. Scientific Theory: How does the diameter or cross-sectional area of a wire affect its resistance? Essay Body Paragraphs Some factors affecting the resistance of a wire are: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ its temperature à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the metal it is made from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ its diameter/cross-sectional area à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ its length In metals, the structure of the atoms and their electrons means that there is a â€Å"sea† of free electrons (or delocalised electrons) on the surface of a wire that can move around easily, thus conducting the electricity. This is because the outermost shell of a metal atom has a very weak force acting on its electrons. The amount of electrons that can travel determine a material’s resistance. If there are two wires, one twice as thick as the other, but the voltage is the same on both, then (in the case of the thicker wire) there are twice as many electrons available and so the current goes up. This means that, in the case of the thicker wire, the same voltage is being divided by a larger current – therefore the resistance comes out as less. This is the same as if you were t o connect several resistors in parallel in a circuit, as this reduces their resistance too. The greater the cross-sectional area (of a pipe or wire), the less the resistance. This is easily explained in a similar way to water flowing through a pipe. If a pipe has a large cross-sectional area, then more water can flow through at any given time, and it will flow through more easily. I will construct a graph of diameter against resistance and another of cross-sectional area against resistance. I shall expect them to be similar. Range of results: SWG Diameter (mm) 20 0.9 22 0.71 24 0.56 26 0.45 28 0.4 30 0.31 32 0.28 I will refer to the diameter of the wires with their diameter in millimetres as opposed to using SWG (Standard Wire Gauge). According to my scientific theory, this would give my graphs a negative correlation. Prediction: I believe that as the diameter increases, so the wire’s resistance will decrease, thereby showing a negative correlation. This is based on my scient ific theory. Method / Apparatus: various different gauges of wire an ammeter a voltmeter a battery pack crocodile clips Firstly I found the different gauges of wire and cut a 15cm length of each. This was long enough to be useful, but not so long as to be unmanageable. Then I connected the battery pack to the ammeter – this was connected in series – and then the voltmeter – this was connected in parallel. I then used the crocodile clips to connect the wires from the ammeter to the ends of the length of wire. I observed the readings from the meters and recorded them, then used them to calculate the resistance of that particular piece of wire. I repeated this for each gauge of wire. Diagram: Fair Test: In order that my results were as accurate as possible, I made sure that all my wires were made of the same material, Constantan. This alloy (of nickel and copper) maintains the same resistance no matter what temperature it is – I used it so that the results w ould not be compromised by the wire heating up and changing its resistance. My wires were all cut to?2mm of the same length – this was because the length of the wire could affect the resistance, and the factor I was investigating wasn’t length. Table of Results: Run 1 Run 2 SWG Diameter Voltage (V) Amps (A) Resistance R=V/I Voltage (V) Amps (A) Resistance R=V/A 20 0.9 0.25 1.6 0.15625 0.25 1.6 0.15625 22 0.71 0.16 1 0.16 0.175 1.5 0.11666667 24 0.56 0.6 1.45 0.4137931 0.6 1.4 0.42857143 26 0.45 0.8 1.25 0.64 0.8 1.25 0.64 28 0.4 0.9 1.2 0.75 0.9 1.2 0.75 30 0.31 1.1 1 1.1 1.1 1 1.1 32 0.28 1.2 0.95 1.2631579 1.2 1 1.2 Run 3 Average SWG Diameter Voltage (V) Amps (A) Resistance R=V/A Voltage (V) Amps (A) Resistance R=V/A 20 0.9 0.25 1.6 0.15625 0.25 1.6 0.15625 22 0.71 0.17 1.2 0.14166667 0.168333 1.23333 0.13944444 24 0.56 0.6 1.4 0.42857143 0.6 1.41667 0.42364532 26 0.45 0.8 1.2 0.66666667 0.8 1.23333 0.64888889 28 0.4 1 1.2 0.83333333 0.933333 1.2 0.77777778 30 0.31 1 1.1 0.90909091 1.066667 1.03333 1.03636364 32 0.28 1.2 1 1.2 1.2 0.98333 1.22105263 Analysis: From my results I can gather that my prediction was correct – the diameter of a wire does affect its resistance, and in fact (generally) there is a strong negative correlation between the two. I observed this from my graph. I constructed my graph using diameter in mm on the x-axis and Resistance (?, or Ohms) on the y-axis. It showed a negative correlation, but had this weird thing going on at the end – an anomaly. I was able to draw quite a clear curve of best fit. The graph proved my theory correct, because as the diameter increased so the resistance of the wire decreased. Evaluation: I believe the experiment was a success, as it proved my theory correct and my graph showed a clear curve of best fit. However there was an anomalous reading, right at the end. This may have been a mistake in reading the meters, or a mistake in calculating the resistance. To improve the accuracy and fairness of my experiment, I could have done the following things: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ used a more reliable power source (the power flow from battery packs weakens with use), à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ cleaned the connections within the battery pack (corroded or dirty connections can affect power flow), à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ used more accurate am- and volt- meters (i.e. with a greater number of decimal places), à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ widen my range of results by connecting the circuit to more than one cell of the battery pack, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ cut more lengths of wire from different rolls (one roll alone may not be representative of that particular gauge) as defects etc. may affect the results. We will write a custom essay sample on How does the diameter or cross-sectional area of a wire affect its resistance? Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How does the diameter or cross-sectional area of a wire affect its resistance? 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Funk Essay pdf Essays

Funk Essay pdf Essays Funk Essay pdf Paper Funk Essay pdf Paper Funk Music is musical genre that originated in the mid 1 sass when African American musicians mixed elements of Soul, Blues, Piccadilly Rock and Jazz o create a new sound. Funk doesnt focus on melody or harmony like genres before them, instead its intent is the rhythmic quality within syncopated value on various instruments. Funk traditionally has no harmonic pace, this divides it from Ran and Soul. It instead uses an improvisational technique, to vamp, which is to remain on a chord for an intro for a number of bars before proceeding to the tune. This draws in elements of improvisational jazz, to which where the chords where usually taken from the Bebop Genre belonging to Jazz. Funk musicians where trained in these genres and often deed these jazz extensions to their chords and solos. Like much African-influenced gene rest, funks main specialist is complex groove played on both new technology and older/traditional instruments. These included the organ, drums, horn section, electric bass and electric guitar with new modulating effects. Rhythm The Rhythm for funk dates back to Sahara African music tradition, where they played with on and off beat structure to which we call syncopation. This style had a revival in new Orleans in sass before James Browns and his rhythm section introduced it country-wide with great effect Funk Creates intense Groove by using Strong Guitar riffs and Bass Lines. A big Funk characteristic is to have the bass line as the centerpiece for the entirety of the song. It may sequence, may remain using the same notation or change the interval relation entirely but keep the same rhythm. : Guitarist typically played heavily rhythmic and percussive accompaniment using electrically modified effects like Way-way or Phases. Harmony As mentioned earlier, Funk uses the same extended chords found in bebop jazz, such as chords with added sevenths and elevenths, or dominant seventh chords with altered ninths. However, unlike bebop jazz, with challenging harmonic pace modulation, funk virtually abandoned chord changes, creating static single chord accompaniment over a complex, driving rhythmic feel. More skillful funk players adapt these influences effectively to demonstrate spacious advance solo techniques to add to the experimental essence of Funk The chords used in funk songs typically belong to a Dorian or myocardial mode, as opposed to the major or natural minor tonalities of most popular music. Melodic content was derived by mixing these modes with the blues scale. In the sass, jazz music drew upon funk to create a new submerge of jazz-funk, which can be heard in recordings by huge artists like Miles Davis and Herb Hancock. Funk truly was a groundbreaking wave of new music, by taking out elements of past popular and traditional forms of music and reinventing an addicting sound that lead a counter-culture of youth across America. Funk was a new way for musicians to express themselves easily, as well as gathering large amounts of popularity from the use of catchy danceable rhythms. The importance of rhythm and simplistic melody has influenced music to this date, realizing that music can be popular and remarkable just as its free and expressive.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 10

Case Study Example The purpose and the competitive strategies that give an organisation an edge over the competitors are known as the strategies of the organisation. Goals are sometimes stated in the company intent that is published at the start of a year. The strategies define the action plan that is adopted by the organisation so as to efficiently allocate the available resources and achieve the goals. Thus the scope of operations and the relationship that exists between the employees, competitors and customers are defined by the goals and strategies of the company. The employee turnover rate at Printzhof Press was very low and the leaders helped to achieve that end. The sales model of Printzhof was different than its competitors. Whereas most other publishing houses had â€Å"sales rep† who were in charge of contacting different professors and customers in a wide range of disciplines, Printzhof had â€Å"publishing rep† that focused on limited number of disciplines. Thus Printzhof used the niche strategy and catered to a lesser number of disciplines. Their publishing reps made it a point to attend a number of professional events that would inform them about the latest trends in teaching and research. After detailed analysis they would get in touch with the experts who would like to develop a working relation with the publishing house. Structure of a company is the hierarchical structure of the lines of authority, rights, duties and communications that exist in the same. It helps one determine the roles, responsibilities and power that exists in an organisation and the flow of information in between the different levels. It also helps an organisation identify each post, the functions that are expected from that and to whom that person holding the post would report to. This organisation structure assists an organisation in achieving the goals that have been set by the same. Generally in a centralised organisation

Free Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Free Healthcare - Essay Example (explanation) 2. The goal of free healthcare perfectly harmonizes with the ideals enshrined in the American constitution and the ethical moorings of the American society. Absence of free healthcare is un-American and un-democratic and interferes with the objective of social justice. (explanation) B. Absence of free healthcare exposes the lower strata of the American society to excessive stress and anxiety, thereby deteriorating its quality of life. 1. Citizens hailing from the weaker sections of the American society often have to face unwarranted stress and apprehension because of being unable to afford proper healthcare for themselves and their family members. (explanation) 2. Even if the poor Americans somehow manage to afford medical remedies for their health problems, it puts excessive burden on their financial resources and curtails their ability to allocate money for other basic necessitates like housing, nutrition, education and sanitation. (explanation) C. Absence of free healthcare is making America more vulnerable to pestilence and epidemics. 1. Many people being unable to afford medical care for their health problems simply carry on with their lives, without coming under the scrutiny of any health professional or agency. Presence of such unattended patients with potential infectious and contagious diseases jeopardizes the safety and well-being of the entire society. (explanation) 2. For example, the recent proliferation of Swine Flu in North America made it mandatory to quarantine and isolate... 2. The goal of free healthcare perfectly harmonizes with the ideals enshrined in the American constitution and the ethical moorings of the American society. Absence of free healthcare is un-American and un-democratic and interferes with the objective of social justice. (explanation) 1. Citizens hailing from the weaker sections of the American society often have to face unwarranted stress and apprehension because of being unable to afford proper healthcare for themselves and their family members. (explanation) 2. Even if the poor Americans somehow manage to afford medical remedies for their health problems, it puts excessive burden on their financial resources and curtails their ability to allocate money for other basic necessitates like housing, nutrition, education and sanitation. (explanation) 1. Many people being unable to afford medical care for their health problems simply carry on with their lives, without coming under the scrutiny of any health professional or agency. Presence of such unattended patients with potential infectious and contagious diseases jeopardizes the safety and well-being of the entire society. (explanation) 2. For example, the recent proliferation of Swine Flu in North America made it mandatory to quarantine and isolate the infected individuals.

Achieving Sustainable Development in Construction Essay

Achieving Sustainable Development in Construction - Essay Example But it must be recognized that in modern world, there is greater emphasis on efficient infrastructure as far as construction and development are the two issues of concerns (HM Government, 2008). Therefore, many stakeholders have postulated that construction industry has a big role to play in ensuring that infrastructures are built in the most innovative way and in the most cost-effective way. On overall, it must be noted that, construction industry has a big impact on the way resources are used and utilized, and it is from this aspect that advocacy has increased in recent times to ensure a sustainable construction industry is designed and developed (Clements-Croome, 2004). The government of UK has in the recent past come out strongly with a message that sustainable development has to take place firmly in the construction industry. As a result, it is clear today that the impact that emerges to the built environment as a result of construction plays a great role in driving or accelerat ing sustainable growth and development (HM Government, 2008). Sustainability and Government Effort Since emergence of sustainable development goals, efforts by different governments and agencies have been directed towards development initiatives, which are undertaken in such a way that, the future generation is not sacrificed with the kind of development initiatives undertaken now. ... reover, the government is keen on promoting environmental conservation, where the aim has been directed at reducing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission (Department for Business Innovation and Skills, N.d). More importantly, the UK government has made it clear that efforts of all stakeholders should be directed at maintenance of high and stable opportunities of employment, while at the same time, ensuring sustainable economy is promoted (Department for Business Innovation and Skills, N.d). Therefore, the paramount aim or goal here for the government is to promote sustainable development of economic, social, and environmental issues in the most responsible way, and this does not isolate or subtract construction industry (Myers, 2011). Moreover, effort has to be made and identify how the government of UK has played its role in the development of sustainable construction industry in the country (Department for Business Innovation and Skills, N.d). Therefore, some of the government initiati ves that the government has developed include developing Enterprise Strategy and the Innovation White Paper, which the government has collaborated with the industry players to ensure that sustainability in construction industry remain the major driving focus. Construction industry in UK Construction industry in UK continues to realize bountiful output which at the moment is estimated to be about 10 billion pounds (HM Government 2008). At the same time, it accounts for about 8% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and is responsible in creating numerous employment opportunities. It is recognized that both the public and private sector are involved in construction sector, a situation that has seen immense sprouting of commercial buildings, homes and diverse infrastructures. As a result,

The Roles Of Design User Interfaces

The Roles Of Design User Interfaces Projects of different sizes have different ways and requirements on how the people are organized. In a small project, little organization structure is needed. There might be a primary sponsor, project manager and a project team. The Designer is responsible for understanding the business requirements and designing a solution that will meet the business needs. There are many potential solutions that will meet the clients needs. The designer determines the best approach. The work of the designer is then handed off to the programmers and other people who will construct the solution based on the design specifications. Terms of appointment of design team and contractors should clearly identify roles and responsibilities. Qns:2 What are the roles and responsibilities of the content creators in a project team? Ans:- Content creation can start when the editors are prepared, and when the technical environment is sufficiently ready. The content work will then most likely continue beyond the technical delivery and acceptance of the Web site. Content can be of many kinds but is typically text and images in different formats web pages, documents , sounds, animations etc.A person who is responsible for entering content for a subject matter expert or for a group of subject matter experts. Content contributors ensure content is up-to-date and adheres to the Writing Style Guide and Graphic Standards. Qns:3 What are the roles and responsibilities of the programmers and coders in a project team? Ans:- A programmer, computer programmer or coder is someone who writes computer software.The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computer programming or to a generalist who writes code for many kinds of software. A programmers primary computer language is often prefixed to the above titles, and those who work in a web environment often prefix their titles with web. The term programmer can be used to refer to a software developer, software engineer, computer scientist, or software analyst. The programmer builds the web sites functionality the things it can do. A web project may need just one or a number of different programmers, depending on the size of the site, what you want it to do, and which programming languages are required to make it work. Qns:4 What are the roles and responsibilities of the information architects in a project team? Ans:- In the Web industry, the architect title has long been hogged by Information Architects, and the Web Architect is generally called Tech Lead. That name is problematic, however, because it implies that the lead has evident authority on the development team, when the reality is often one of much responsibility, little authority: the tech lead seldom has authority by virtue of being a manager.Architects provide services that are designed to eliminate the most common causes of IT project failure. They work with management, business and IT staff to build solid project teams. Qns:5 What is the relationship between the technical and creative aspects and requirements of interactive media projects? Ans:- It allows to work in teams and produce an interactive media project that culminates in Both technical and creative aspects will be emphasized. Its communication,team work and literacy skills sufficient to interpret and clarify project specifications. Its roles and responsibilities of project team members e.g. designers, content creators, architects, programmers and coders. Sound understanding of the relationship between technical and creative aspects and requirements of interactive media projects. Qns:6 List 3 of the issues and challenges that arise in designing user interfaces? Ans:- 3D user inter-faces provide an attractive approach to support the user. Upcoming interaction techniquesenable faster and more intuitive interaction in comparison to standard interfaces. As 3D UserInterfaces gain more capabilities, new challenges and problems arise. But in the course of time upcoming technologies extended the standard parts of interfaces, so human-computer interaction in which the user tasks are performed directly in a 3D spatial context are enabled. This means the user interacts within the computer environment. Hence, in terms of 3D interaction the user is not interacting through an interface, he can actually be seen as a part of the interface. Qns:7 What are the principles of the visual design and communication, including user -centered design principles? Ans:- When evaluating a current user interface, or designing a new user interface, it is important to keep in mind the following experimental design principles: user-centered design (UCD) is a modern, widely practiced design philosophy rooted in the idea that users must take center-stage in the design of any computer system. Users, designers and technical practitioners work together to articulate the wants, needs and limitations of the user and create a system that addresses these elements. Often, user-centered design projects are informed by ethnographic studies of the environments in which users will be interacting with the system. This practice is similar but not identical to Participatory Design which emphasizes the possibility for end-users to contribute actively through shared design sessions and workshops. Principles of User Interface Design: these are seven principles that may be considered at any time during the design of a user interface in any order, namely Tolerance, Simplicity, Visibility, Affordance, Consistency, Structure and Feedback. Qns:8 What are the technical parameters of various platforms and how this impact on user interface designs? Ans:- Responsible for assuring that user interfaces to all HHS products and services designs, prototypes, and specifications across multiple platforms while working across multiple platforms; design and conduct usability tests at various stages The work of the incumbent will impact information dissemination . Being hardly more than data enclosures in XML files, the technical concept of podcasting and RSS feeds is very simpleandhardly anything that could be calledinnovative purely in atechnologicalsense.Podcasts, as well as RSS (often calledReally Simple Syndication but various alternative meanings also exist:Every aspect of the users interaction with a product, service, or companythat make up the users perceptions of the whole. User experience designas a discipline is concerned with all the elements that together make upthat interface, including layout, visual design, text, brand, sound, and interaction. Qns:9 What are the typical formats and techniques for documenting user interface designs? Ans:- In software engineering, a design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software design. A design pattern is not a finished design that can be transformed directly into code. It is a description or template for how to solve a problem that can be used in many different situations. Object-oriented design patterns typically show relationships and interactions between classes or objects, without specifying the final application classes or objects that are involved. Many patterns imply object-orientation or more generally mutable state, and so may not be as applicable in functional programming languages, in which data is immutable or treated as such.Design patterns reside in the domain of modules and interconnections. At a higher level there are architectural patterns that are larger in scope, usually describing an overall pattern followed by an entire system.[1] Qns:10 What are the OHS standards as they relate to working for periods of time on computers? Ans:- Occupational Health And Safety:- Their workstation set up correctly, they are working ergonomically soundly but they seem to forget that working firms and companies must comply with the laws, standards and regulations which .. from a series of events over a period of time.

philosophy :: essays research papers

Chapter’s 3 & 4 Synopsis Chapters 3 & 4 Synopsis I believe the assumption of an external reality is the assumption that there is a real world that is external to our mind and senses, and that it exists whether or not we as observers exist, and whether or not we are observing it. This assumption cannot be proved because all of our perceptions, without exception, are mental images, and we have no means to go beyond our mental images. It is one we all commonly make without even thinking about it. In the military, we assume the office and the computer in it are there after we leave work at the end of the day and will be there when we arrive at work in the morning. When we head home at the end of the day, we assume that our house or apartment will be there when we arrive, and that it continued to be there in our absence after we left in the morning. We assume that our friends, relatives, and acquaintances are there whether we can see and talk to them or not, and whether or not we are thinking about them. We assume that our parents exist ed before we were born, and that many of the people we know will be alive after we die. So many of our everyday experiences repeatedly confirm this assumption that most of us hardly question it. It is an assumption that has enormous survival value: we know that a speeding car can kill us while we are crossing the street absorbed in our thoughts and unaware, that a stray bullet can instantly obliterate our consciousness without warning, or that we can die from an external agent such as a virus, a bacterium, or a poison. The assumption of external reality is necessary for science to function and to flourish. For the most part, science is the discovering and explaining of the external world. Without this assumption, there would be only the thoughts and images of our own mind (which would be the only existing mind) and there would be no need of science, or anything else. In addition to the assumption of an external reality, we also make the assumption that this reality is objective. Thi s is repeatedly confirmed by our daily experience as well as by scientific observations. I also learned that objectivity means that observations, experiments, or measurements by one person can be made by another person, who will obtain the same or similar results.